Last week, many meteorologists celebrated March 1 as the beginning of spring. Other than the “wait, did we even have winter?” reaction from some, others wondered why we say spring begins then, and not on March 21 (also known as the Vernal Equinox). The confusion stems from the two ways meteorologists classify seasons: meteorological seasons, versus astronomical seasons. What’s the difference? Why do meteorologists use one instead of the other?
Astronomical Seasons
The earth’s rotation around the sun, as well as the earth’s tilt, create the astronomical seasons. For example, at the Vernal Equinox (March 20-22, depending on the year), both the northern and southern hemispheres face the sun at the same angle. Both hemispheres, therefore, get the same amount of solar energy.
As the earth revolves around the sun, we reach the Summer Solstice (June 20-22), the earth’s tilt causes the northern hemisphere to face the sun more directly. This means longer days, more energy from the sun, and therefore, warmer temperatures. The southern hemisphere receives less direct radiation from the sun, which means shorter days, less energy, and cooler temperatures.That’s why Australia experiences winter when we experience summer.
Three months later, at the Autumnal Equinox (September 21-23), the situation is similar to the Vernal Equinox. Both hemispheres receive equal amounts of energy, and face the sun at the same angle. Finally, at the Winter Solstice (December 20-22), the northern hemisphere faces away from the sun–so the days are shorter, the sun’s energy is less direct, and therefore, the temperatures are cooler. Meanwhile, Australia bakes (more so than usual) during their summer.
Earth’s tilt, or sun’s distance?
When I taught meteorology to college students, one of the most common misconceptions was that the distance from the earth to the sun causes the seasons (though most responses to this Twitter poll was assuring!). In fact, the distance between the sun and the earth has nearly nothing to do with seasons. It has everything to do with the tilt of the earth. In fact, the earth is about 5 million kilometers closer to the sun during our winter! While the change in distance between the sun and the earth has a slight impact on seasons, the earth’s tilt is the overwhelming factor that influences seasonal change.
Meteorological Seasons
Meteorologists group seasons into months: March 1-May 31 for spring, June 1-August 31 for summer, September 1-November 30 for fall, and December 1-February 28 for winter. These groups make it simpler for meteorologists to describe the seasons. Not only are they easier to remember, they also correlate with temperatures for the seasons. The coldest months of the year in the northern hemisphere are typically December, January and February. The warmest months, on the other hand, are June, July and August. The graph below shows a comparison of the seasons, along with average temperatures during each season.
By following the calendar, meteorological seasons make it much easier to calculate seasonal statistics. Unlike astronomical seasons, the number of days in each meteorological season never changes (the exception is leap year). This is much more useful for agriculture, commerce, or any other group that uses seasonal data. Overall, meteorological seasons provide a much easier, more common sense way to describe temperature changes over the course of the year.
Nice article. My only objection is with the term “meteorological seasons.” In my opinion, the word “meteorological,” as an adjective, defines a process; whereas “climatological” describes a period of time. Anything beyond about 10 days leaves the realm of meteorological and enters the realm of climatological.
True. In my experience teaching weather & climate, it was hard enough to instill in college kids the difference between those two terms. They then see ‘meteorological’ seasons, and assume that means the seasons are, somehow, short-term events. I’d imagine that, if you used the term ‘climatological seasons’, people would think you’re describing seasonal variances over decades, or centuries, instead of the yearly seasonal variance.
Atmospheric science can be full of nomenclature headaches, sometimes!
But wouldn’t it just be easier to state the seasons on the equinoxes and solstices as well? Spring from the vernal equinox to summer solstice, summer from the solstice to autumnal equinox, fall from equinox to winter solstice, and winter from solstice to vernal equinox? By the way i really enjoy your forecasts and webpage. Sorry i couldn’t sponsor your page this time. But if it comes around again i will.
Id’ imagine this would present a couple of issues. One, meteorological seasons are more definitive time frames, and easier to remember, especially since the actual dates of the equinoxes/solstices vary from year to year. It’s a simpler metric that works better for getting info out to the public, and for statistical analysis.
Two, meteorological seasons are better representations of seasonal temperatures, especially for summers and winters. Meteorological summer (June 1-August 31) includes the three warmest months, so they’re a better representation of summertime heating. If you staggered it based on equinoxes and solstices, heating wouldn’t be distributed as evenly across that time span.
Since summer and winter are opposite in the northern and southern hemispheres, isn’t the proper nomenclature June Solstice and December Solstice?
Good point! Internationally, they are frequently referred to by the months, and not the specific seasons. There’s a bit of northern hemisphere bias in there.
I don’t think so.